Editing Hazard

Jump to navigation Jump to search
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.

The edit can be undone. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, and then publish the changes below to finish undoing the edit.

Latest revision Your text
Line 1: Line 1:
{{game icons|p=y|p2=y|p3=y|p4=y|hp=y}}
{{game icons|p=y|p2=y|p3=y|hp=y}}
{{image}}
{{image}}
The term '''hazard''' in the [[Pikmin series|''Pikmin'' games]] refers to anything that can endanger [[Pikmin family|Pikmin]], including the creatures, non-living traps, and other dangers on [[PNF-404]]. In general, hazards are merely concepts, not objects, i.e. a hazard is the potential danger, not the object that actually emits the danger. ''Pikmin 2'' lists the existing hazards on its [[Day results menu#Pikmin 2|sunset menu]] screen. All types of hazards are listed below.
The term '''hazard''' in the [[Pikmin series|''Pikmin'' games]] refers to anything that can endanger [[Pikmin family|Pikmin]], including the creatures, non-living traps, and other dangers on [[PNF-404]]. In general, hazards are merely concepts, not objects, i.e. a hazard is the potential danger, not the object that actually emits the danger. ''Pikmin 2'' lists the existing hazards on its [[Menu#Sunset|sunset menu]] screen. All types of hazards are listed below.


Hazards that suffocate the top of a Pikmin's stem – fire, water, and poison – will cause Pikmin to run around in panic. If they are not rescued after a few seconds, they succumb to the hazard and die. They can be saved by being [[whistle]]d, although they can simply be bumped against by a leader in {{p3}}. In {{p2}}, if a Pikmin is under the effects of an [[ultra-spicy spray]], stem-related hazards take half the normal amount of time to kill it.
Hazards that suffocate the top of a Pikmin's stem – fire, water, and poison – will cause Pikmin to run around in panic. If they are not rescued after a few seconds, they succumb to the hazard and die. They can be saved by being [[whistle]]d, although they can simply be bumped against by a leader in {{p3}}. In {{p2}}, if a Pikmin is under the effects of an [[ultra-spicy spray]], stem-related hazards take half the normal amount of time to kill it.


==Fire==
==Fire==
[[File:P2 Fire Geyser Screenshot.png|thumb|left|100px|A [[fire geyser]].]]
[[File:Fire.jpg|thumb|left|100px|A [[fire geyser]].]]
{{main|Fire}}
{{main|Fire}}
[[File:Fire icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent fire hazards on the wiki.]]
[[File:Fire icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent fire hazards on the wiki.]]
Fire usually occurs as torrents of flame spat by [[fire geyser]]s and some enemies, although there are also enemies that have fiery bodies. Only [[Red Pikmin]], [[Bulbmin]], and [[Glow Pikmin]] are immune to fire. Other Pikmin burn up, and [[leader]]s that aren't adequately protected will also take damage. In ''Pikmin 4'', Ice Pikmin will die to fire more quickly than other Pikmin due to them being made of, well, ice.
Fire usually occurs as torrents of flame spat by [[fire geyser]]s and some enemies, although there are also enemies that have fiery bodies. Only [[Red Pikmin]] and [[Bulbmin]] are immune to fire. Other Pikmin burn up, and [[leader]]s that aren't adequately protected will also take damage.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}


==Water==
==Water==
[[File:Water.jpg|thumb|250px|Water being ejected by a [[Watery Blowhog]].]]
[[File:Water.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Water being ejected by a [[Watery Blowhog]].]]
{{main|Water}}
{{main|Water}}
[[File:Water icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent water hazards on the wiki.]]
[[File:Water icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent water hazards on the wiki.]]
The water hazard effect is sourced from pools of water, and water released by enemies. Pikmin that enter water bodies start to drown, but have a chance to survive if they are repeatedly whistled toward a shore. Pikmin hit by jets or globs of water panic and suffocate until whistled. Only [[Blue Pikmin]], Glow Pikmin, and Bulbmin can safely travel in water or resist water-based hazards. [[Ice Pikmin]] have the ability to travel across the surface of a body of water, and even freeze it, but they will still panic when sprayed with water from enemies, such as the [[Watery Blowhog]].
The water hazard effect is sourced from pools of water, and water released by enemies. Pikmin that enter water bodies start to drown, but have a chance to survive if they are repeatedly whistled toward a shore. Pikmin hit by jets or globs of water panic and suffocate until whistled. Only [[Blue Pikmin]] and Bulbmin can safely travel in water or resist water-based hazards.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}
Line 25: Line 25:
{{main|Electricity}}
{{main|Electricity}}
[[File:Electricity icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent electrical hazards on the wiki.]]
[[File:Electricity icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent electrical hazards on the wiki.]]
Electricity either stuns or kills Pikmin, depending on game. It kills Pikmin instantly in ''Pikmin 2'', stuns them in ''Pikmin 3'', and stuns Pikmin in ''Pikmin 4'' before killing them a few seconds later. Some enemies and obstacles emit electrical currents, and [[electric gate]]s are constantly electrified. Only [[Yellow Pikmin]], Bulbmin, and Glow Pikmin are immune to electric shocks. Leaders that aren't protected with [[Anti-Electrifier|shock-resistant equipment]] will be damaged and get knocked down to the ground.
Electricity is a dangerous hazard in ''Pikmin 2'', but a non-fatal obstacle in ''Pikmin 3''. Pikmin that get zapped in ''Pikmin 2'' die instantaneously, while Pikmin in ''Pikmin 3'' get stunned into a paralysis, until [[whistle]]d back up. Some enemies and obstacles emit electrical currents, and [[Gate#Electric gate|electric gates]] are constantly electrified. Only [[Yellow Pikmin]] and Bulbmin are immune to electric shocks. Leaders that aren't protected with [[Anti-Electrifier|shock-resistant equipment]] will be damaged and get knocked down to the ground.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}


==Poison==
==Poison==
[[File:Poison.jpg|thumb|A [[poison emitter]] in ''Pikmin 2''.]]
[[File:Poison.jpg|thumb|right|A [[gas pipe]].]]
{{main|Poison}}
{{main|Poison}}
[[File:Poison icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent poison hazards on the wiki.]]
[[File:Poison icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent poison hazards on the wiki.]]
Poison is hazardous gas that Pikmin cannot breathe. [[Poison emitter]]s and some enemies emit clouds of poison. Only [[White Pikmin]], Bulbmin, and Glow Pikmin can withstand poison. Since leaders are inside their [[spacesuit]]s, poison does not affect them, though it does affect space dogs like [[Oatchi]] unless they have the {{oatchi|Sniff Saver}}.
Poison is hazardous gas that Pikmin cannot breathe. [[Gas pipe]]s and some enemies emit clouds of poison. Only [[White Pikmin]] and Bulbmin can withstand poison. Since leaders are inside their [[spacesuits]], poison does not affect them.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}


==Ice==
==Blunt force==
[[File:Ice ejected from snowy blowhog.png|thumb|left|Ice being ejected from a [[Snowy Blowhog]].]]
[[File:Crush 1.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Calcified Crushblat]] crushing Pikmin.]]
{{main|Ice}}
{{main|Blunt force}}
[[File:Ice icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent ice hazards on the wiki.]]
[[File:Blunt force icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent blunt force hazards on the wiki.]]
Ice is a non-fatal hazard in ''Pikmin 4''. Any Pikmin except [[Ice Pikmin]] and [[Glow Pikmin]] will be frozen solid when coming into contact with this mist. As they are left completely immobilized, they are easy prey for creatures until [[whistle]]d. Oatchi can thaw himself out eventually, but the player character must mash the whistle button in order to escape.
Some obstacles and enemies can crush Pikmin and leaders. This is fatal for all Pikmin except [[Rock Pikmin]] and, in most cases, [[Winged Pikmin]]. Some enemies can also stab Pikmin, which is not fatal on its own but does lead to enemy-based Pikmin deaths. Rock Pikmin are also immune to stabs. Unlike crushing, Winged Pikmin aren't immune to any stabbing.
 
{{clear}}
 
==Crush==
[[File:Crush 1.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Calcified Crushblat]] crushing Pikmin.]]
{{main|Crush}}
[[File:Crush icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent crushing hazards on the wiki.]]
Some obstacles and enemies can crush Pikmin and leaders. This is fatal for all Pikmin except [[Rock Pikmin]] and [[Winged Pikmin]] (though Winged Pikmin can still be crushed by the [[Quaggled Mireclops]] and the [[Plasm Wraith]]'s crystal cubes). In ''Pikmin 4'', Rock Pikmin will be smashed – and die – if crushed on top of a hard surface or while frozen.
 
{{clear}}
 
==Stab==
[[File:P3 Impaled Pikmin.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Flighty Joustmite]] stabbing Pikmin.]]
{{main|Stab}}
[[File:Stab icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent stabbing hazards on the wiki.]]
Some enemies stab Pikmin, and most of the time, proceed to eat the stabbed Pikmin while it is helpless. In {{hp}}, stabbing attacks kill right away. [[Rock Pikmin]] cannot be stabbed, and merely get bounced back by any such attack.
 
{{clear}}
 
==Bubble==
[[File:Peckish Aristocrab P3 fight.jpg|thumb|right|Pikmin trapped in bubbles.]]
[[Waddlepus]]es, [[Peckish Aristocrab]]s, [[Aristocrab Offspring]], and [[bubble blower]]s can release a stream of bubbles which trap [[Pikmin family|Pikmin]] and [[leader]]s. Bubbles that catch anything pop after some time, and all bubbles pop if a thrown Pikmin hits them. In ''Pikmin 3'', bubbles that catch leaders will also pop if the player [[button mashing|mashes]] while controlling that leader. Also in ''Pikmin 3'', [[Winged Pikmin]] can be told to [[charge]] at a bubble, but if too many of them charge it at once, the bubble will rise up to the sky at a quick speed.
 
[[Ice Pikmin]] are immune to bubbles as they freeze them and cause them to pop right away, and [[Purple Pikmin]] in ''Pikmin 4'' pop their bubbles nearly instantly. [[Glow Pikmin]] pop bubbles upon contact, and [[Oatchi]] is too large to be caught in a bubble in the first place.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}


==Other hazards==
==Other hazards==
Although less common and/or well defined than the previously mentioned hazards, there are still many more that appear throughout the games.
Although less common than the previously mentioned hazards, there are still many more that appear throughout the games.
 
===Control===
[[File:Redpikminconfused.png|thumb|A Pikmin jumping up and down while confused.]]
In {{p4}}, the [[Puffstool]] and the [[Groovy Long Legs]] can spray a purple gas that will confuse Pikmin, causing them to gather around the enemy and jump around in a daze. In this state, the Pikmin will have their stems clouded by the gas, and will be unresponsive to the player's whistle. In Olimar's notes on the Groovy Long Legs in the [[Piklopedia (Pikmin 4)|Piklopedia]], he claims this phenomenon is known as the "Endless Dance", while he and Dalmo claim the same phenomenon is called "confusion" in the Puffstool's entry. The only way to free a Pikmin from confusion is to kill the enemy that caused it or to have the Pikmin knocked down. [[Glow Pikmin]] are immune to this gas.
{{clear}}
 
{{Spoiler section|
Before the safe is opened and the entrance to [[Leafy Showdown]] is found, [[Moss]] will roam the floors of [[Hero's Hideaway]] and attempt to collect any Pikmin she finds. If she manages to whistle the player's Pikmin, they will jump on her back as she carries them off. The Pikmin will similarly have a purple gas around their stems, and be unwhistleable. To free the Pikmin, the player must damage Moss enough until she starts to run away, which will make her drop the Pikmin.
|Olimar's rescue in '''{{p4}}'''|collapsed = y}}
{{clear}}


===Explosion===
===Explosion===
[[File:Bomb-rock.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A bomb-rock close to detonation.]]
[[File:Bomb-rock.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A bomb rock close to detonation.]]
{{main|Explosion}}
{{main|Bomb rock}}
[[File:Explosion icon.png|24px|bottom|This icon is used to represent fire hazards on the wiki.]] [[Bomb rock]]s explode, and any Pikmin caught in the blast will die. Leaders will also be severely hurt. In ''Pikmin'' and ''Pikmin 3'', Pikmin can [[carry]] and [[throw]] bomb rocks at enemies, making explosions both a tool and a danger. In ''Pikmin 2'', bomb rocks are mostly a threat to the player's group, and the attacks of a [[Gatling Groink]] or [[Man-at-Legs]] also count as explosive hazards.
[[Bomb rock]]s explode, and any Pikmin caught in the blast will die. Leaders will also be severely hurt. In ''Pikmin'' and ''Pikmin 3'', Pikmin can [[carry]] and [[throw]] bomb rocks at enemies, making explosions both a tool and a danger. In ''Pikmin 2'', bomb rocks are mostly a threat to the player's group, and the attacks of a [[Gatling Groink]] or [[Man-at-Legs]] also count as explosive hazards.
 
Pikmin become immune to this when zapped in ''[[Pikmin 3]]''.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}
Line 93: Line 57:
===Eating===
===Eating===
{{see more|Enemy}}
{{see more|Enemy}}
Eating is a method of attack exclusive to enemies. It will instantly kill most Pikmin, with only two types having some kind of benefit: [[White Pikmin]], which poison creatures when swallowed and [[Ice Pikmin]], who can instantly add large amounts onto the freezing gauge on an enemy's health bar when swallowed.
Eating is a method of attack exclusive to enemies. It will instantly kill most Pikmin, with the only type having some kind of benefit being [[White Pikmin]], which poison creatures when swallowed.
 
{{clear}}
 
===Gloom===
[[File:Gloom.png|thumb|right|A puddle of Gloom fired from the [[Ancient Sirehound]].]]
Gloom is an otherworldly type of element that instantly kills Pikmin on contact, regardless of their invulnerabilities, and can also damage leaders. It goes unnamed in ''Pikmin'', and comes only in the form of the gray and green gas left behind by the [[Smoky Progg]]. In ''Pikmin 4'', it gets named in a [[Loading screen#Night expeditions|loading screen tip]] and is colored red and black. Here, it is used by the Smoky Progg and the [[Ancient Sirehound]]. Unlike [[poison]], no Pikmin or leader is immune to it, including [[White Pikmin]].
 
{{clear}}
 
===Mud===
In {{p4}}, mud is an environmental hazard present in the [[Primordial Thicket]], both above and below ground. Similar to water, it can inhabit large pools and be frozen with [[Ice Pikmin]] or [[Ice Blast]]s. Unlike water, leaders and [[Blue Pikmin]] are not naturally immune to it.
 
Shallow mud can be traversed by all Pikmin types and leaders, with the only side effect being a reduced movement speed. The [[Gunk Busters]] upgrade allows leaders to walk through shallow mud unhindered. Deep mud will cause leaders and non-Glow Pikmin to drown, but as with water, they can still be whistled back to shore before they fully submerge and die. Ice Pikmin can float on top of deep mud, unless in a panicked state or shot with mud, in which they will drown like normal Pikmin. [[Winged Pikmin]] will always fly above it.
 
The [[Muckerskate]] can use mud as a projectile, and [[Bogswallow]]s (while not directly using mud) are always submerged in it unless trying to inhale nearby prey. The [[Piklopedia (Pikmin 4)|Piklopedia]] entries for both of these creatures feature mud.
 
Aside from being seen in the Primordial Thicket, the [[Ice-Cross Course]] [[Dandori Challenge]] contains a pool of shallow mud in the center which the [[leafling]] recommends freezing with Ice Pikmin. Shallow mud is present in the [[Olimar's Shipwreck Tale]] version of the [[Blossoming Arcadia]], in parts of the area where there would be water in the main story.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}
Line 116: Line 63:
===Pit===
===Pit===
{{main|Pit}}
{{main|Pit}}
Pits are bottomless chasms outside the boundaries of every sublevel of every [[cave]], as well as the bottomless pit in [[The Forest Navel]]. If Pikmin are thrown over the edge of the level or leave its walls or floor by a [[Glitches|glitch]], they fall to their deaths. [[Enemy|Enemies]] can be killed by this as well, a strategy that can be used to one's advantage. In ''Pikmin 4'', [[Winged Pikmin]] will not die if they are thrown off of the edge of a sublevel in a cave, but may occasionally die if they were knocked off the edge by an enemy. [[Glow Pikmin]] are completely immune to pits, as they will teleport out.
Pits are bottomless chasms outside the boundaries of every sublevel of every [[cave]], as well as the bottomless pit in [[The Forest Navel]]. If Pikmin are thrown over the edge of the level or leave its walls or floor by a [[Glitches|glitch]], they fall to their deaths. [[Enemy|Enemies]] can be killed by this as well, a strategy that can be used to one's advantage.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}
Line 122: Line 69:
===Wind===
===Wind===
{{see more|Blowhog family}}
{{see more|Blowhog family}}
Wind is a rare hazard only used by the [[Puffy Blowhog]], [[Icy Blowhog]], and [[Withering Blowhog]] when they blow away leaders and their Pikmin. It will temporarily stun both, though [[Purple Pikmin]] are immune to it in ''Pikmin 2'' and ''Pikmin 4''.
Wind is a rare hazard only used by the [[Puffy Blowhog]] and [[Withering Blowhog]], when they blow away leaders and their Pikmin. It will temporarily stun both, though [[Purple Pikmin]] are immune to it in ''Pikmin 2''.
 
In a similar but opposite effect, some enemies such as [[Jellyfloat family|Jellyfloats]] and the [[Arctic Cannon Beetle]] attack by inhaling with a windy vortex which can trap or harm leaders and Pikmin. Leaders can become immune to both inhalation and exhalation wind by equipping the [[Brace Boots]].


{{clear}}
{{clear}}
Line 130: Line 75:
===Spore===
===Spore===
{{see more|Mushroom Pikmin}}
{{see more|Mushroom Pikmin}}
Spores are a rare hazard used by just one enemy in one game, the [[Puffstool]] in {{p1}}. Any Pikmin that are exposed to them will become [[Mushroom Pikmin]], and will attack leaders until shaken off.
Spores are a rare hazard used by just one enemy, the [[Puffstool]]. Any Pikmin that are exposed to them will become [[Mushroom Pikmin]], and will attack leaders until shaken off.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}
Line 136: Line 81:
===Sunset===
===Sunset===
[[File:PikShotSunset.jpg|thumb|left|Two [[Bulborb]]s hunting for prey at sunset in ''Pikmin''.]]
[[File:PikShotSunset.jpg|thumb|left|Two [[Bulborb]]s hunting for prey at sunset in ''Pikmin''.]]
{{see more|Day#Sunset}}
At the end of the day, all Pikmin not in the landing area, in a [[leader]]'s group, or planted in the ground will die – they will be eaten by aggressive nocturnal beasts. During the liftoff cutscene at sunset, Pikmin seen running from enemies indicate the type (and after ''Pikmin'', the number) of Pikmin left behind. Enemies can also be killed during this cutscene by [[White Pikmin]] or other enemies.
At the end of the day, all Pikmin not in the landing area, in a [[leader]]'s group, or planted in the ground will be eaten by aggressive nocturnal beasts. During the liftoff cutscene at sunset, Pikmin seen running from enemies indicate the type (and after ''Pikmin'', the number) of Pikmin left behind. Enemies can also be killed during this cutscene by [[White Pikmin]] or other enemies, or frozen by [[Ice Pikmin]].


{{clear}}
{{clear}}
Line 143: Line 87:
===Panic===
===Panic===
{{main|Panic}}
{{main|Panic}}
Panic is a hazard that causes Pikmin to run around in a frenzy, but will eventually fade away and not cause any damage to the Pikmin. It can also be solved immediately by calling a panicked Pikmin with the whistle. Panic has taken many different forms throughout the series, and is sourced from many enemies. In {{p2}}, Purple Pikmin are immune to standard panic. In {{p4}}, [[Oatchi]] is not (and cannot become) immune to panic, unlike with most other hazards.
Panic is a hazard that causes Pikmin to run around in a frenzy, but will eventually fade away and not cause any damage to the Pikmin. It can also be solved immediately by calling a panicked Pikmin with the whistle. Panic has taken many different forms throughout the series, and is sourced from many enemies. In {{p2}}, Purple Pikmin are immune to standard panic.
 
{{clear}}
 
===Bubble===
[[File:Peckish Aristocrab P3 fight.jpg|thumb|left|Pikmin trapped in bubbles.]]
[[Waddlepus]]es and [[Peckish Aristocrab]]s can release a stream of bubbles which trap [[Pikmin family|Pikmin]] and [[leader]]s. Bubbles that catch anything pop after some time, and all bubbles pop if a thrown Pikmin hit them. Bubbles that catch leaders will also pop if the player controls the leader by quickly shaking the analog stick for some time. [[Winged Pikmin]] can be told to [[charge]] at a bubble, but if too many of them charge it at once, the bubble will rise up to the sky at a quick speed.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}


===Web===
===Web===
[[File:Arachnode.png|thumb|A web with an [[Arachnode]].]]
[[File:Arachnode.png|thumb|right|A web with an [[arachnode]].]]
Webs are hazards that cause a Pikmin to become stuck. A Pikmin can eventually be freed from a web by whistling to it. [[Arachnode]]s are the only enemy to create hazardous webs. If a Pikmin is caught on a web, the Arachnode will attempt to eat it. If the Arachnode is killed, the web will disappear. Winged Pikmin are especially prone to being caught, as they cannot walk under the web like other Pikmin.
Webs are hazards that cause a Pikmin to become stuck. A Pikmin can eventually be freed from a web by whistling to it. So far, [[Arachnode]]s are the only enemy seen to create webs. If a Pikmin is caught on a web, the Arachnode will attempt to eat it. If the Arachnode is killed, the web will disappear. Winged Pikmin are especially prone to being caught, as they cannot walk under the web like other Pikmin.


{{clear}}
{{clear}}


==Trivia==
==Names in other languages==
* In appearance and name, Gloom resembles a [[zelda:Gloom|substance of the same name]] in another Nintendo game, [[zelda:The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom|''The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom'']], which was released a few months before ''Pikmin 4''.
{{stub}}


==Names in other languages==
'''Hazard'''
{{stub|section=y}}
{{needs translation|Chinese|Dutch|Korean|Spanish}}


'''Spore'''
{{Foreignname
{{Foreignname
|Ger=Sporen
|Fra=Danger
|GerM=Spores
|FraM=Hazard
|SpaA=Espora
|SpaAM=Spore
}}
}}


'''Bubble'''
'''Bubble'''
{{Foreignname
{{Foreignname
|Ger=Blase
|Ger=Blase
|GerM=Bubble
|GerM=Bubble
|SpaA=Burbuja
|SpaAM=Bubble
|SpaE=Pompa
|SpaEM=Bubble
}}
'''Gloom'''
{{foreignname
|Jap  = ヤミ
|JapR = Yami
|JapM = Darkness
|ChiTrad = 暗霧
|ChiTradR =
|ChiTradM =
|ChiSimp = 暗雾
|ChiSimpR =
|ChiSimpM =
|Dut  = sneuvelgas
|DutM =
|Fra  = gaz suffocant
|FraM = suffocating gas
|FraN =
|Ger  = Ekelgas
|GerM = Nauseating gas
|GerN  =
|Ita  = tetraggine
|ItaM  = gloom
|ItaN =
|Kor = 어둠
|KorR =
|KorM =
|Por = gás sufocante
|PorM = suffocating gas
|Spa  = ponzoña
|SpaM =
|SpaN =
|notes = y
}}
'''Web'''
{{Foreignname
|SpaA=Red
|SpaAM=Web
|Ger  = Glibber
|GerM = Slime
}}
}}


Line 224: Line 125:


{{hazards}}
{{hazards}}
[[Category:Hazards]]
[[Category:Hazards| ]]

Please note that all contributions to Pikipedia are considered to be released under the Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (see Pikipedia:Copyrights for details). Your changes will be visible immediately. Please enter a summary of your changes above.

Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!

Cancel Editing help (opens in new window)